Bash 語法 利用While 讀取檔案

This article introduces the concept of playing a file line by line in Linux with the help of examples and tips along with a guided tour of initiating a loop. The article discusses the errors committed while reading a file line by line on the Linux platform. With samples and illustrations, it shows how the 'for loop' and 'while loop' differ in their respective outputs. It also provides tips on how to use the while loop and depicts its syntax. It concludes with the process behind initiating a loop along with the side effects the while loops can exhibit. 

One of the most common errors when using scripts bash on GNU / Linux is to read a file line by line by using a for loop (for line in $ (cat file.txt) do. ..), which in this example leads to an assessment for each line and not every word of the file. 
It is possible to change the value of the variable $ IFS (Internal Field Separator, internal field separator) with a for loop before starting the loop. 

Sample output with a for loop: 
for line in $ (cat file.txt) do echo "$ line" done 

This           
is                
row           
No           
1           
This           
is                 
row           
No           
2           
This           
[...]           

The solution is to use a while loop coupled with the internal read. 

It is possible to get the result with a for loop provided to change the value of the variable $ IFS (Internal Field Separator, internal field separator) before starting the loop. 

While loop 

The while loop remains the most appropriate and easiest way to read a file line by line. 
Syntax 

while read line           
do           
    command           
done <file 

Example

The starting file: 

This is line 1     


This is line 2           

This is line 3           

This is line 4           


This is line 5  

The instructions in the command line: 

while read line; do echo -e "$line\n"; done < file.txt

or in a "bash" script: 

#! / bin / bash           

while read line           
do           
    echo-e "$ line \ n"           
done <file.txt           

The output on the screen (stdout):           
This is line 1        

This is line 2        

This is line 3           

This is line 4           

This is line 5   

Tips

It is entirely possible from a structured file (like an address book or /etc/passwd, for example), to retrieve the values of each field and assign them to several variables with the command 'read'. Be careful to properly assign the IFS variable with good field separators (space by default). 

Example: 

#! /bin/bash          

while IFS=: read user pass uid gid full home shell          
do          
echo -e "$full :\n\          
 Pseudo : $user\n\          
 UID :\t $uid\n\          
 GID :\t $gid\n\          
 Home :\t $home\n\          
 Shell :\t $shell\n\n"          
done < /etc/passwd

Bonus

while read i; do echo -e "Parameter : $i"; done < <(echo -e "a\nab\nc")

Initiate a Loop

Although the while loop is the easiest method, it has its side effects. It obliterates the formatting of lines including spaces and tabs.

• Moreover, the for loop coupled with a change of IFS helps keep the structure of the document output.

Syntax 

old_IFS=$IFS      # save the field separator           
IFS=$'\n'     # new field separator, the end of line           
for line in $(cat fichier)          
do          
   command          
done          
IFS=$old_IFS     # restore default field separator